Article 15
The State promotes a multi-component commodity economy functioning in accordance with market mechanisms under the management of the State and following a socialist orientation. The multi-component economic structure with various forms of organisation of production and trading is based on a system of ownership by the entire people, by collectives, and by private individuals, of which ownership by the entire people and by collectives constitutes the foundation.
Article 16
The aim of the State's economic policy is to make the people rich and the country strong, satisfy to an ever greater extent the people's material and spiritual needs by releasing all productive potential, developing all latent possibilities of all components of the economy - the State sector, the collective sector, the private individual sector, the private capitalist sector, and the State capitalist sector in various forms - pushing on with the construction of material and technical bases, broadening economic, scientific, technical cooperation and expanding intercourse with world markets.
Article 17
The land, forests, rivers and lakes, water supplies, wealth lying underground or coming from the sea, the continental shelf and the air, the funds and property invested by the State in enterprises and works in all branches and fields - the economy, culture, society, science, technology, external relations, national defence, security - and all other property determined by law as belonging to the State, come under ownership by the entire people.
Article 18
The State manages all the land in accordance with the plan and the law, and guarantees that its use shall conform to the set objectives and yield effective results.
The State shall entrust land to organisations and private individuals for stable and lasting use.
These organisations and individuals are responsible for the protection, enrichment, rational exploitation and economical use of the land; they may transfer the right to use the land entrusted to them by the State, as determined by law.
Article 19
The State sector shall he consolidated and developed, especially in key branches and areas, and play the leading role in the national economy.
The State-run enterprises enjoy autonomy in production and trading and shall guarantee that production and trading are to yield effective results.
Article 20
The collective sector growing out of the pooling by citizens of funds and efforts for cooperative production and trading shall be organised in various forms following the principles of free consent, democracy, and mutual benefit.
The State shall create favourable conditions for consolidating and broadening the cooperatives and allowing them to operate efficiently.
Article 21
In the private individual and private capitalist sectors people can adopt their own ways of organising production and trading; they can set up enterprises of unrestricted scope in fields of activity which are beneficial to the country and the people.
Encouragement shall be given to the development of the family economy.
Article 22
Production and trading enterprises belonging to all components of the economy must fulfil all their obligations to the State; they are equal before the law; their capital and lawful property shall receive State protection.
Enterprises belonging to all components of the economy can enter into joint venture and partnership with individuals and economic organisations at home and abroad in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Article 23
The lawful property of individuals and organisations shall not be nationalised.
In cases made absolutely necessary by reason of national defence, security and the national interest, the State can make a forcible purchase of or can requisition pieces of property of individuals or organisations against compensation, taking into account current market prices.
The formalities of the forcible purchase or requisition shall be determined by law.
Article 24
The State manages and expands external economic relations, promotes economic ties of all kinds with all nations and all international organisations on the basis of the principles of respect for each other's independence and sovereignty, mutual advantage, and aiming at the protection and stimulation of domestic production.
Article 25
The State encourages foreign organisations and individuals to invest funds and technologies in Vietnam in conformity with Vietnamese law and international law and usage; it guarantees the right to lawful ownership of funds, property and other interests by foreign organisations and individuals. Enterprises with foreign investments shall not be nationalised.
The State creates favourable conditions for Vietnamese residing abroad to invest in the country.
Article 26
The State manages the national economy by means of laws, plans and policies; it makes a division of responsibilities and devolves authority to various departments and levels of the administration; the interests of individuals and collectives are brought into harmony with those of the State.
Article27
The State shall practise economy in all its economic, social and managerial activities.
Article 28
All illegal production and trading activities, all acts wrecking the national economy and damaging the interests of the State, the rights and lawful interests of collectives and individual citizens shall be dealt with severely and equitably by the law.
The State shall enact policies protecting the rights and interests of the producers and the consumers.
Article 29
State organs, units of the armed forces, economic and social bodies, and all individuals must abide by State regulations on the rational use of natural wealth and on environmental protection.
All acts likely to bring about exhaustion of natural wealth and to cause damage to the environment are strictly forbidden.
